Island In Silence

Word Choice

diction 措辞, 用语 : the choice of words 讲话或书写中，对词的使用或选择

poetic diction 诗歌用语: the use of elevated language over ordinary language

formal diction: consists of a dignified, impersonal, and elevated use of language

middle diction: spoken by most educated people

informal diction: presented colloquially（用通俗语）, in a conversational manner that in this instance includes slang expressions not used by the culture at large

dialect 方言: spoken by definable groups of people from a particular geographic region, economic group, or social class.

jargon 行话: a category of language defined by a trade or profession

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

denotations 直接意义：the literal, dictionary meanings of a word一个词字面的/最直接的意义

connotations 言外之意：associations and implications that go beyond a word's literal meanings 字面意思之外涵的意义

connotations derives from how the word has been used and the associations people make with it. They derives their resonance from a person's experience with a word.

persona: a speaker created by the poet 第一人称：在文艺作品中代表说话者的声音/个性

ambiguity 模棱两可,晦涩: allows for 2 or more simultaneous interpretations of a word, phrase, action or situation, all of which can be supported by the context of a work.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Word Order

syntax 句法 : the ordering of words into meaningful verbal patterns 研究词或其它句了成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tone: the writer's attitude toward the subject, the mood created by all of the elements in the poem (serious/light,sad/happy, private/public, angry/affectionate, bitter/nostalgic 怀旧的)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

image：language that addresses the senses

 

figure of speech 修辞, 形象化说法,：A way of saying one thing in terms of sth. else. (indirect, but not obscure)  如隐喻/直喻等表达方式, 如拟人/夸张等文学手法，通过这些方法文字能用非字面的意义获得超过普通语言的效果

the most common figure of speech:

simile 明喻 : an explicit comparison between 2 different things by using words such as like, as, than, appears or seems .

俗称直喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似关系而构成的修辞格； 把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由like 或 as 引导（比喻词acknowledging word，是辨别明喻的显著特征），明喻较为直白，比喻物和被比喻物之间相似点较为明显，所以明喻是一种比较好判断的修辞手法。“我的离开好象是冬天来临” 或 “你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（Shakespeare）

metaphor 暗喻：an implicit comparison between 2 unlike things without words such as like or as . 也称隐喻，依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。

• “忧愁之海”/“All the world's a stage”“整个世界一台戏”(Shakespeare)
• His friend has become a thorn in his side. 他的朋友已变成眼中钉肉中刺。
• Hope is a good breakfast, but it's a bad supper.

暗喻没有引导词，这是明喻和暗喻在形式上的最大区别:

• He has a heart like stone. 明喻
• He has a heart of stone.暗喻（比喻物和被比喻物之间的相似点较为含蓄，乍看毫无关系，实际却有着某种内在联系）

metaphors are frequently more demanding than similes because they're not signaled by particular words. They are both subtle and powerful.

1. implied metaphor 潜喻: it hints rather than explicitly identify,

2. extended metaphor 延喻: make an initial comparison and then develop it, expanding the author's idea  作出初次比较再扩展，以延伸作者的意图

• some poets write extended comparisons in which part or all of the poem consists of a serious of related metaphors/similes
• extended metaphors are more common than extended similes
• extended comparisons can serve as poem’s organizing principle

A photographer is a cod, which produces a million eggs in order that one may reach maturity. 摄影师像鳕鱼，产卵百万为的是长成一条

摄影师通常拍片成堆，难觅一成功之作，似鳕鱼产卵无数，长成者廖廖。故萧伯纳把摄影师先比作cod，再进一步用cod的习性比喻之，生动地道出了摄影师的艰辛。这里which后的从句就显示了延喻的功能。

3. controlling metaphor 全景控制比喻: the comparisons are at work throughout

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

一般比喻只需抓住主喻体之间的相似之处，延喻不仅要注意比喻本身，还要注意延伸部分是否与喻体保持了一致。也就是说，延伸部分应当是喻体的一部分，能够进一步描绘喻体发出的动作或产生的状态，对喻体特性进行扩展，解释喻体的功用。它使喻体由单一性变化为多样性，在结构、内涵等方面具有单一喻体无法比拟的修辞效果，

延喻的构成分以下几种：

①由动词构成

a.The mist, like love, plays upon the heart of the hills. 薄雾,如心灵深处的爱，在山的深处飘荡。 b.Her eyes, pools of love, were rippling in tenderness.她的双眼似爱的池塘，正泛着柔情蜜意的涟漪。

②由介词短语构成

a.The stone shaped as a kitten with crystal eyes. 石头形如小猫，眼似水晶。                             b.The huge sunlight flamed like a monstrous dahlia with petals of yellow fire.煤气灯燃得像一朵巨大的大丽花，黄黄的火舌恰似花瓣。

③由句子构成：He is as poor as a church mouse, and a church mouse like him eats like a horse. 他一贫如洗，赤贫的他又特别能吃。

④由从句构成：The chess-board is the world, where the rules of the game are what we call the laws of nature.棋盘如世界，游戏规则如同自然法则。

===============================================================

The humblest figure of speech: pun 双关: a play on words that relied on a word having more than one meaning or sounding like another word 一种文字游戏，利用同一个词的不同意思, 或利用不同词的相近意思或发音

它非常能够体现使用者的睿智机敏、幽默俏皮，造成印象隽永的效果。它的使用场合亦庄亦谐，既常见于故事、笑话、谜语、儿歌等，又可用于正式场合，表达严肃的思想和深邃的感情。

1. If we don’t hang together, we’ll hang separately.（如我们不通力合作，就将分别被处绞刑。）
2. — Why is an empty parse always the same? — Because there is never any change in it.(change表示“零钱”“变化”。“空钱包”里没“零钱”就永远瘪着，毫无“变化”了。)
3. “Doe, a deer, a female deer, Ray, a drop of golden sun, Me, a name, I call myself, Far, a long long way to run, Sew, a needle and pulling thread, La, a note to follow sew, Tea, a drink with jam and bread, ...” 《音乐之声》插曲中的歌词，为世人传唱，经久不衰，不仅因为其优美激越的调子，还因为它把音符双关处理，在电影中用于教孩子们记单词，使各个音符具有了更深的内涵，不仅烘托了影片主体，而且留下了双关语使用的典范。)

========================================================

Synecdoche 提喻法, : A figure of speech in which

• a part is used for the whole (hand  for sailor) 局部代表整体: 手→水手
• the whole for a part (the law  for police officer) 整体代表局部: 法律→警官
• the specific for the general (cutthroat  for assassin) 特殊代表一般: 直柄剃刀→杀人者
• the general for the specific (thief  for pickpocket) 一般代表特殊: 贼→扒手
• the material for the thing from which it is made (steel  for sword) 原材料代表用该材料制造的东西: 钢→剑

Metonymy 转喻,借代: A figure of speech in which sth. closely associated with a subject is substituted for it  一种一个词/词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法[Washington→ the U. S. government, the sword →military power]。

借代法不直接说出事物的本来名称，而是换一种说法。所以借代不是比喻，不需要两个事物相比。

when a figure of speech overlaps categories, it is usually labeled a metonymy

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

借代的表现手法有三种，借代（metonymy）、换称（antonomasia）、提喻（synecdoche）。

1.借代

1. 装束指代人 woman in furs or men in grand coats（有钱人） black gown（美国大学生）。
2. 人体部分或器官指代人/物 :I won’t let my heart rule my head.(我不会用感情代替理智。)
3. 人/物的显著特征指代人/物: the gray hair（老年人） the egg head（秃头） zebra crossing（横穿人行道）
4. 颜色指代 :the black, the white, the yellow(代各种肤色的人)
5. 容器指代乘物:  He indulged in glass.(他沉湎于喝酒。)
6. 乘物指代容器 They ordered 2 beers and 1 whisky. (beer为不可数,2 beers显然指的是2 glasses of beer，同样1指1 glass of whisky。)
7. 人名指代作品 :Will Mozart be played at the concert?
8. 所在地指代机构:Berlin(德国政府) The Pentagon（美国国防部） Beijing(中国政府)
9. 工具指代动作或行为 :Only a knife could save him.(只有动手术他才有救。) He chose the gun instead of the cap and gown.(他选择当兵而不是上大学。) The pen is mightier than the sword.（文治强于武攻。）

2.换称 :其原理与借代相同，常常是用具有特征性的称谓来戏称同一种东西。例如：

1. He indulged in games after he bought an “Apple”. (Apple这里指“苹果牌”计算机。)
2. The documents from the Foggy Bottom revealed the military budget for next year.(雾谷，代称美国国务院。)
3. The emblems on the party tickets tell their members to vote for the “big chick” - Democrats, or the “bird on the dollar” - Republicans.（用“大鸡”和“美钞上的秃鹰”分别指代民主、共和两党。）

3.提喻:以小见大，或以大见小，以局部代整体，整体代局部，一类代个体，具体代抽象，抽象代具体等手法为特点。    

(1) 局部代整体

• Two heads are better than one.(三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。——用“头”代“人”。)
• He toiled all day long to earn his bread.(他整日劳作以维持生计。——以“面包”代整个生活。)
• sails - navy; wings - airplane; marching feet - army等等，都是很好的例子。

(2) 整体代局部

• It was reported that Korea beat China in a soccer game yesterday.(报道说韩国足球队昨天击败了中国足球队。——用国名代替国足。这是新闻报道中常用的提喻手法。)
• Class 1 is superior to class 2 in the crossword games.(1班学生做填字游戏超过了2班学生。——用班称代替班上的学生。)

(3) 一类代个体

• Save our souls! (SOS!) (救命！——用“命”代替单个的“人”。)
• Nearly 4.8 million vehicles rolled off the assembly lines.(约四百八十万辆车下了生产线。——用“运载工具”代替“车辆”。)

(4) 具体代抽象

• He has a torrential tongue.（他口若悬河——用具体的“舌头”代替“口才”。）
• You could hardly hear the jingle of a cent in his wallet.(他的钱包里没有一个子儿。——用“硬币”代替“没钱”这个抽象概念。)

(5) 抽象代具体

• Truth speaks louder than eloquence.(事实胜于雄辩。)
• There was a large gathering -business, art, science, all walks of life.(这是一次盛大集会——商界，艺术界，科学界，社会各界。——其中黑体字部分实际指代各界人士。)

==========================================================

Personification 拟人：the attribution of human characteristics to nonhuman things 把物(诸如动物、植物、物体、思想或抽象概念等)比作人，赋予它们人的特性、外表、思维、动作。即把本来适用于人的词汇用于物，使之人格化。    

• Freedom blushed for shame.自由因羞愧而脸红。
• How rarely reasons guide the stubborn choice. 固执的选择很少是理智的。
• The sun looks over the mountain’s rim.太阳挂在山边。
• The moans of the autumn wind wound in the deep of the mountains.秋风的呻吟萦绕在大山深处。

Apostrophe 呼语：an address either to someone who is absent and therefore cannot hear the speaker, or to something nonhuman that cannot comprehend 直接称呼不在场或虚构的人物或称呼拟人的事物，尤指作为演讲或作文过程中的离题话

===========================================================

overstatement/ hyperbole 夸张: a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect without intending to be literally true

understatement 轻描淡写的陈述: the opposite figure of speech to overstatement, which says less than is intended, consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite, as in "This is no small problem”. 用有节制的陈述所构成一种修辞手法，即通过否定其反面来表达肯定，例如“这并不是一个小问题”

==========================================================

paradox 悖论: a statement that initially appears to ne self-contradictory but that, on closer inspection, turns out to make sense 似非而是的论点, 自相矛盾的话; 逆说,

Oxymoron 矛盾修饰法: a condensed form of paradox in which 2 contradictory words are used together. 把明显矛盾的词用在一起，以产生语言上的奇效。

既然是矛盾的词，其词汇意义往往相对立，形成反义关系，它们用在一块可以深刻地揭示事物间矛盾对立，同时又协调统一的方面。例如：

1. The interview lasted for an endless morning, I got quite exhausted. (“morning”不可能“endless”，因为“interview”把人搞得“exhausted”，才有了时间上的“endless”。把有限和无限的东西放在一起，形成矛盾修饰。)
2. He sat there and watched them, so changelessly changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.他坐在那儿注视着他们，觉得眼前的景象既是始终如一，又是变化多端，既是光彩夺目，又是朦胧黑暗，既是庄严肃穆，又是轻松愉快。

   矛盾修饰法的特点就是构成相互关联的、属于反义的词被安排在一块，二者之间彼此对立，却又有着必然的联系，其产生的语言效果非常独特，令人过目不忘。比如：

• cruel kindness 残酷的仁慈
• painful pleasure 悲喜交加
• ugly beautiful 丑中带俊
• old young man 事故的年轻人
• wise fool 聪明的傻瓜
• loving hate 爱恨交织
• unfaithful faith 不坚定的信心
• walking dead 行尸走肉

从这些例子，可以发现它们结构上的一个特点，即意义相反的词都存在修饰和被修饰的关系，总结以下：

1. 形容词+名词：cruel kindness, orderly chaos, wise fool, painful pleasure
2. 动词分词+名词：loving hate, walking dead
3. 形容词+形容词：ugly beautiful, bitter sweet, poor rich
4. 副词+形容词：mercifully fatal, deadly alive, disagreeably pleasant
5. 副词+动词分词：changelessly changing, stably moving
6. 名词+名词：enemy friend, life-and-death
7. 动词+副词：hurry slowly, talk silently, live deadly

Reading Poetry

• all you need to do at the start is listen for the pleasure produced by poet's arrangement of words
• read the poem aloud before you read it silently
• pay attention to its punctuation & don't stop at the end of every line where there is no punctuation
• the title
• most important about your initial readings is to ask questions about the words, descriptions, sounds, structures…
• a variety of specific elements: speaker, image, metaphor, symbol, rhythm
• note your response at different points

 

doggerel 打油诗 : lines whose subject matter is trite (老生常谈的主题) & whose rhythm and sounds monotonously heavy-handed (单调笨拙的韵律)  → Crudely or irregularly fashioned verse, often of a humorous or burlesque nature.多属幽默滑稽、粗劣、无章法的诗

“Poetry has two outstanding characteristics. One is that it is indefinable. The other is that it is eventually unmistakable.”                                                    -- Arlington Robinson

Shakespeare's Sonnets 莎士比亚十四行诗

the English sonnet, more commonly known as the Shakespearean sonnet, is organized into 3 quatrains and a couplet, which typically rhyme abab cdcd efef gg.

一种由莎士比亚完善的十四行诗形式，由三个四行诗及一抑扬格五音步诗行的对句组成，具有韵律格式abab cdcd efef gg  也作  Elizabethan sonnet,English sonnet

 

奥赛罗

Theme 主题: the central idea/meaning of a story

• It provides a unifying point around which the plot, characters, setting, point of view, symbols, and other elements of a story are organized.
• In some works the theme is explicitly stated.
• Most modern writers present themes implicitly.

Distinguish between the theme of a story and its subject → 1^st reading

• Theme≠subject
• There are some shared identical subjects：fate, death, innocence, youth, loneliness, racial prejudice, disillusionment...
• Yet each story makes its own statement about the subject and expresses some view of life
• There's no single, absolute way of expressing a work's theme, but they do describe a central idea in each.

The emphasis in each of the themes could be modified/expanded

• Readers may differ in their interpretations of a story because of different interesting, complex works are always subject to revision
• but it doesn't mean that any interpretation is valid.
• To be valid, the statement of the theme should be responsive to the details of the story.

Most stories do not include direct caveats(告诫) about the conduct of life

• A tendency of look for a lesson in story can produce a reductive and inaccurate formulation of its theme.
• A good many stories go beyond traditional moral values to explore human behavior instead of condemning/endorsing it.

Strategies to determine the theme of a story → 2^nd/ 3^rd reading

1. Title
2. Details that have potential for symbolic meanings
3. Protagonist’s changes/development on some important insight of a result of the action
4. Formulate the theme using 1 or 2 complete sentences that make some point about the subject matter
5. Be certain the theme is a generalized statement rather than a specific description of particular people, places and incidents
6. Be wary of using clichés (慎用陈词滥调)as a way of stating themes
7. Some stories(that have as their major purpose adventure, humor, mystery or terror) emphasize theme less than others

Setting 背景: the context in which the action of a story occurs.

The major elements of setting:

•  time, place, and the social environment that frames the characters.
• They establish the world in which the characters act. If we’re sensitive to the contexts provided by settings, we’re better able to understand the behavior of the characters and the significance of their actions.

Features of setting:

• They can be relevant to the overall purpose of a story.
• They can be used a means of revealing mood, idea, meaning, or characters' actions, but not all--Some stories have no particularly significant setting
• Sometimes they have traditional associations that are closely related to the action of a story, but sometimes not—writer would reverse traditional expectations.
• If a shift in setting would make serious difference to our understanding of a story, then it is probably an important element in the work.

Point of view 态度，观点: The attitude or outlook of a narrator or character in a piece of literature, a movie, or another art form.在文学作品、电影或其它的艺术形式中，一个叙述者或人物的态度或观点

It refers to who tells us the story and how it is told.

What we know and how we feel about the events in a story are shaped by the author's choice of a point of view.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Narrator: the teller of a story

The narrator should not be confused with the author who has created the narrative voice because the 2 are usually distinct.

The main 2 categories of the way of telling a story:

• 3^rd-person narrator: use he/she/they to tell the story, not participate in the action
• 1^st-person narrator: use I to tell the story, a major/minor participant in the action.

The 3^rd-person narrator (Nonparticipant) :

1. Omniscient: the narrator takes us inside the characters

• All-knowing
• Move from place to place and pass back and force through time, slipping into and out of characters as no human being possibly could in real life
• Can report the characters’ thoughts and feelings as well as what they say and do

Editorial omniscience
Neutral omniscience	narrator allows characters' actions and thoughts to speak for themselves

2. Limited omniscient: the narrator takes us inside 1 or 2 characters

• Much more confined than the omniscient narrator
• Often restrict the narrator to the single perspective of a major/minor character
• can see into＞1 character, particularly in a longer work

Stream-of-consciousness technique:

• The most intense use of a central consciousness in narration
• It takes a reader inside a character's mind to reveal perceptions, thoughts, and feelings on a conscious or unconscious level.
• It suggests the flow of thought as well as the character’s mind makes rapid associations free of conventional logic or transitions.

3. Objective: the narrator is outside the characters

• No analysis and interpretation is provided
• From the detached and impersonal perspective, the narrator reports action and dialogue without telling us directly what the character feels and thinks
• It places a heavy premium ( unusual/ high value)on dialogue, actions, and details to reveal character

1^st-person narrator (participant)  :

1. Major character 
2. Minor character

• The “I” presents the point of view of only one character's consciousness
• The reader is restricted to the perceptions, thoughts, and feelings of that single character

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Why is it important to identify the point of view ?-- One of the primary reasons is to determine where the author stands in relation to the story

→ Behind the narrative voice of any story is the author, manipulating events and providing or withholding information

→It's a mistake to assume that the narrative voice of a story is the author.         

• The narrator is just a creation of the writer.
• A narrator's perception may be accepted/rejected/modified by an author, depending on how the narrative voice is articulated.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Unreliable narrator: whose interpretation of events is different from the author

→ Narrators can be unreliable for a variety of reasons:

• lack self-knowledge
• lack the sophistication to interpret accurately what they see
• youthful innocence frequently characterizes as a native narrator

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Conclusion:

Writers choose a point of view to achieve particular effects because point of view determines what we know about the characters and events in a story

We should be aware of who is telling the story and whether the narrator sees things clearly and reliably

1. Pheoby Watson: Janie's best friend

    Sam (Pheoby's husband), Pearl Stone, Mrs. Sumpkins, Lulu Moss

2. Nanny: Janie's grandmother; Washburn: Nanny's employer, white

• Janie was teased about living in the white folk's backyard
• Nanny & Janie's mother were both raped by white →Janie was not pure Black

   John Taylor: Janie's first kiss at 16 →blamed by Nanny

3. Logan Killicks: Janie's first husband

• Janie comforts herself that she would love her husband after getting married
• came to Nanny complaining that she still didn't love Logan
• Nanny died
• Janie's dream (about marriage) died

4. Joe Stark: Janie's 2nd husband

• Logan was not that nice and sweet
• Joe asked her to marry and leave with him
• A big fight between Logan and Janie, Janie left

5. Jody/Joe(mayor): 事业型男人，controller & demanding to Janie

Tony Talor(chairman of the committee meeting), Lee Coker, Amos Hicks, Lige Moss, Sim Jones, Sam Watson(“this town is nothing without Joe”)

• Jody and Janie came to a new town, he bought 200 acres, put up a store and became the mayor;  post office, street lamp, town ditch…
• Jody had a new house
• people started to gossip about the Mayor

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

How is Janie's story/Bildungsroman similar or different from Jane's?

• Related questions in class:

1. is Janie a thinker?
2. How do the 2 girls’ foster families influence their growing up?
3. What are Jane+Janie’s main motivations in making decisions?
4. Is one more feminist?
5. How long is Janie going to stand not showing her emotions before exploding?
6. How does Janie view herself racially and view the world based on race?                           →civil war, Jim Crow laws, black towns — Where’s her pride? 

• click to read my journal on their comparison

Watch for--

1. Hurston's language choice
2. setting: 1930's Jin Chow South
3. What is this reading's message about racial identity
4. How does Janie's story relate the history of all African-Americans?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

杰姆·克劳法   Jim Crow laws

泛指美国南部各州自19世纪70年代开始制定的对黑人实行种族隔离或种族歧视的法律。

具体是说1876年至1965年间美国南部各州以及边境各州对有色人种（主要针对非洲裔美国人，但同时也包含其他族群）实行种族隔离制度的法律。

Jim Crow原是19C上半叶黑人歌舞剧中一首歌曲的名称，剧中扮演反叛者的黑人在歌词中曾用Jim Crow的名字，以后就成为对黑人的蔑称。这种法律实质上是美国内战结束后南部各州白人种族主义政府所制定的“黑人法典”的继续，主要内容是通过征收人头税、选举登记、文化测验、仅容许白人参加预选、“祖父条款”（即法律规定本人或其祖辈在1867年参加投票者才享有选举权）等手段，剥夺黑人选举权；并在学校、住区、公共交通、公共场所（包括旅馆、剧场、公园、教堂、医院、娱乐体育场所等）以及就业、司法、军役、婚姻等各方面，实行残酷的种族隔离和种族歧视

这些法律上的种族隔离强制公共设施必须依照种族的不同而隔离使用，且在隔离但平等的原则下，种族隔离被解释为不违反宪法保障的同等保护权，因此得以持续存在。但事实上黑人所能享有的部份与白人相较往往是较差的，而这样的差别待遇也造成了黑人长久以来处于经济、教育及社会上叫为若是的地位。

1865年至1876年的重建时期，联邦法律为南方的自由黑人提供一定程度的民权保护。重建结束后，南方各州政府、立法机构及法院重新被南方白人所掌控，一系列吉姆·克劳法被通过来隔离种族。

1945年后，美国民权运动兴起，民权团体用联邦法律来抵抗吉姆·克劳法。例如著名的“布朗诉托皮卡教育局案”于1954年由美国最高法院作成判决，终止了公立学校中的种族隔离；美国国会随后在1964年通过《1964年民权法案》及《1965年投票权法案》，禁止法律上有任何形式的种族隔离和歧视政策，吉姆·克劳法在法律层面上正式走入历史。

《他们眼望上苍》（Their Eyes were Watching God）内容简介

作者简介：佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿（1891-1960）是20世纪美国文学的重要人物之一。她是小说家、黑人民间传说收集研究家、人类学家。

     她出生在美国南方，是哈莱姆文艺复兴时期的活跃分子。她毕生为保持黑人文化传统而奋斗，收集出版了黑人民间故事集《骡与人》及《告诉我的马》。赫斯顿还写了四部小说：《他们眼望上苍》《约拿的葫芦藤》《摩西，山之人》《苏旺尼的六翼天使》；一部自传《大路上的法迹》以及一些短篇故事。她的传世之作是《他们眼望上苍》。这是黑人文学中第一部充分展示黑人女子内心女性意识觉醒的作品，在黑人女性形象的创造上具有里程碑式的意义，被公认是黑人文学的经典作品之一。

Hurston's biography

• At 15 ran away to be an actress’s maid
• Went to Barnard College in NYC
• Hired by novelist Fannie Hurst as a secretary
• Good friend with Langston Hughes
• Worked with Fran Boaz at Columbia
• Became a hoodoo with doctor
• Wrote Their Eyes in Haiti in 7 weeks while researching voodoo
• $943—largest royalty
• 1950 worked in Miami as a maid
• Life of Herod

内容简介：

   《他们眼望上苍》是一部从始至终流淌诗意的小说，是黑人文学中第一部充分展示黑人妇女内心中女性意识觉醒的作品，在黑人文学中女性形象的创造上具有里程碑式的意义。

     小说描写了反抗传统习俗的束缚、争取自己做人权利的珍妮的一生。珍妮向往幸福的爱情，像一棵开花的梨树，她期待着能有亲吻自己的蜜蜂。她先是被迫嫁给了有六十英亩田产的中年黑人洛根，后又跟随黑人小伙子乔·斯塔克斯到一个建设中的黑人小城去开创新的生活。

       珍妮不愿只是作为宠物被供养玩赏，不愿坐在空空如也的高椅子上无所事事，在乔死后，又跟随无忧无虑、充满幻想，既无钱又无地位的黑人青年甜点心到佛罗里达去做季节工。他们一起享受着共同劳动的乐趣和黑人季节 工群体中丰富生动的诗舞传统。在突然而至的洪水中，甜点心为救珍妮而被疯狗咬伤，得了恐水病。他在神志不清中向珍妮开枪，珍妮被迫自卫还击。最后白人陪审团判决珍妮无罪。

      自70年代以来，本书已成为美国大学中美国文学的经典作品之一，是研究黑人文学和妇女文学的必读书。当代著名黑人女作家爱丽丝·活克将赫斯顿视为自己的文学之母，亲手为这位"南方的天才"竖了一块墓碑，并且说道：“对我来说，再也没有比这本书更为重要的书了。”

Jane VS. Bertha

Jane	Bertha
White, British	from West Indies—the colony of the U.K
non-violent	biter,savage,beast
self-control	angry,alcoholic
educated thinker	"pigmy intellect”(侏儒心智)
independent	crazy, needed to be taken care of
caring soul	God-les
small,thin	large,strong,corpulent
poor(￡30/yr)	rich (￡30000/yr)
plain Jane	beautiful,attractive
innocent	“contamination(污染物)”—germs(细菌)

[Note: They also had sth. in common: jealousy, victim of Rochester]

Rochester： relationship with Bertha

If Bertha is the colonized subject, then Rochester is the despotic master who literally keeps her captive.

St. John: wants Jane to join him as his wife on a missionary expedition to India--“bettering the race”

Jane  recognizes that although his discipline is too much for her, he will do extremely well in India, perhaps indicating that the Indians are in need of such a severe influence to keep them under control.

Jane: eventually comes into her inheritance from her uncle, the source of her wealth is Madeira, another slave society.

Jane acts in an honorable fashion by dividing her wealth with her cousins who saved her, but the means of her independence is undeniably due to the colonies.

Symbol 象征

• sth. that represents sth. else
• a person, object, or event that suggests more that its literal meaning
• not hidden
• cannot be restricted to a single meaning
• suggestive rather than definitive

literary symbols

• traditional, conventional, or public meanings,
• may be established internally by the total context of the work in which it appears
• can be a setting,character,action,object,name,or anything else in a work that maintains its literal significance while suggesting other meanings

Conventional symbols: symbols that are widely recognized by a society or culture. They're used to reinforce meanings by writers.

How to do with symbols?

• Keeping track of the total context of the story → decide whether the reading is reasonable and consistent with the other facts
• be sensitive to the meanings that the author associates with people,places,objects & actions → a close reading of the story will allow us to see how & why the author constructs the symbolic meaning that way.

Allegory 寓言

• a character, object, or incident which indicates a single, fixed meaning
• the primary focus is on the abstract idea called forth by the concrete object
• definitive rather than suggestive

Most modern writers prefer the exploratory nature of symbols to the reductive nature of pure allegory.

• Victoria becomes queen of England 1837.She opposed women's right to vote and believed that women's submission was God's will.

• Others believed women were intellectually inferior. M.H. Abrams is especially helpful on this point:"A woman who tried to cultivate her intellect beyond drawing-room accomplishments was violating the order of Nature  and religious tradition. Woman was to be valued, instead, for other qualities considered to be esp. characteristic of her sex: tenderness of understanding, unworldliness and innocence,domestic affection, and in various degrees, submissiveness"

• Middle class women and upper middle class women suffered from boredom because they had no outlet for their energies.

• ¼ of England's female population in 1849 had jobs, either low-paying jobs, such as in factories or as domestics, or as governesses.

• Early critics of the novel had different opinions on Bronte's treatment of the woman question. Margaret Oliphant called the novel "a wild declaration of the Rights of Women in a new aspect"（在一个新的视角上对女权主义野性的宣言）, and Elizabeth Rigby attacked its "pervading tone of ungodly discontent"(渗透着不虔诚的不满).

Chapter 9-16

“I lived long ago with mama; but she is gone to the Holy Virgin. Mama used to teach me to dance and sing, and to say verses… Shall I let you hear me sing now?”

—— Adela met Jane for the first time,she thought her mother was dead

“It is in vain to say human being ought to be satisfied with tranquility(平静): they must have action; and they will make it if that cannot find it… nobody knows how many rebellions besides political rebellions ferment(骚动) in the masses of life which people earth.Women are supposed to be very calm generally: but women feel just as men feel.”

—— Jane's boredom before she decided advertise for herself to get a new job

“I have plenty of faults of my own… I have a past existence… I like to lay half of the blame on ill fortune and adverse circumstances… I might have been as good as you,—wiser,—al most as stainless. I envy your peace of mind, your clean conscience, your unpolluted memory.”

—— Mr. Rochester

“What have you done with me, witch,sorceress? Who is in the room besides you? Have you plotted to drown me?”

—— Mr. Rochester shouted at Jane after she saved his life from fire in his sleep

Chapter 16-20

“I always think it best to err on the safe side; a door is soon fastened, and it is as well to have a drawn bolt between one and any mischief(损害) that may be about. A deal of people, Miss, are for trusting all to Providence; but I say Providence will not dispense with the means,thought he often blesses them when they are used discreetly. And here she closed her harangue(长篇演说)… uttered with the demureness(严肃) of a Quakeress (贵格会教派女信徒).”

—— Grace Poole

“I have just one word to say of the whole tribe; they are a nuisance. Not that I ever suffered much from them; I took care to turn the table. What tricks Theodore and I used to play on our Miss Wilsons, and Mrs. Greys, and Madame Joubers!…”

—— Blanche's comment on governess

She bit me… She sucked the blood: she said she'd drain my heart.”

—— Mason

“My word is error.”

—— Mr. Rochester

Why “Jane Eyre”? —the meaning of this name：

Jane	Eyre
common name	err 犯错,偏离
	error→ errare(拉)= wander
Plain Jane : 外表平凡的女孩	ere=before
Jane Doe:  法律诉讼程序中为虚构/不确定的女子使用的名字	air → breath,freedom
→anonymity无名氏	Eire=Ireland爱尔兰
	heir → of her uncle

What kind of story is Jane Eyre ?

• Bildungsroman=“novel of education”教育小说：the subject of this kind of novel is the development of the protagonist's mind and character in the passage from childhood and usually through a spiritual crisis into maturity and a recognition of his/her identity and role in the world. → “coming of age”个人成长                      （In short, Bildungsroman is  a novel whose principal subject is the moral, psychological, and intellectual development of a usually youthful main character. 以年轻主人公的道德心智发展为主题的小说 ）            
• Romance ( Gothic: the red room, uncle's ghost, dream, moon)
• Autobiography  自传体 (Pg.91)
• Social Protest novel 社会批判小说 ?
• Fairy tale—Cinderella ?

coming-of-age story/novel is memorable：

1. the character undergoes adventures and/or inner turmoil in his/her growth and development as a human being.
2. Some characters come to grips with (开始搏斗)the reality of cruelty in the world--with war, violence, death, racism, and hatred--while others deal with family, friends, or community issues.
3. here are top 9 Coming of Age novel:

Romance as a genre 

• 2 basic elements
  

1. A Central Love Story: The main plot centers around two individuals falling in love and struggling to make the relationship work. A writer can include as many subplots as he/she wants as long as the love story is the main focus of the novel.
2. An Emotionally-Satisfying and Optimistic Ending: In a romance, the lovers who risk and struggle for each other and their relationship are rewarded with emotional justice and unconditional love.
         Romance novels may have any tone or style, be set in any place or time, and have varying levels of sensuality—ranging from sweet to extremely hot. These settings and distinctions of plot create specific subgenres within romance fiction.

key words of Romance :

• What is lost and found
• and then, and then……

•  2 formats

1. Series or "category" romances:  books issued under a common imprint/series name that are usually numbered sequentially and released at regular intervals, usually monthly, with the same number of releases each time. These books are most commonly published by Harlequin/Silhouette.
2. Single-title romances:  longer romances released individually and not as part of a numbered series. Single-title romances may be released in hard cover, trade paperback, or mass-market paperback sizes.

• Romance Literature Subgenres

Jane Eyre 概述
    《简·爱》(Jane Eyre)是19世纪英国著名女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的代表作，普遍认为《简·爱》是其“诗意的生平写照”，一部具有自传色彩的作品。夏洛蒂·勃朗特、艾米莉·勃朗特、安妮·勃朗特和勃朗宁夫人构成那个时代英国妇女最高荣誉的完美的三位一体。
      小说主要内容是女主人公简爱的成长历程，她从小失去父母，寄住在舅妈家，不平等的待遇让她饱受欺凌，小小年纪就承受了别人无法想象的委屈和痛苦。成年后，她成了桑菲尔德贵族庄园的家庭教师，她以真挚的情感和高尚的品德赢得了主人的尊敬和爱恋，谁料命运对她如此残忍，她为这段婚姻又付出了难以计算的代价，但自始至终她都一直坚持着自己的信念，执着自己的理想与追求。
   《简·爱》是一部带有自传色彩的长篇小说，它阐释了这样一个主题：人的价值＝尊严＋爱简爱人生追求有两个基本旋律：富有激情、幻想和反抗、坚持不懈的精神；对人间自由幸福的渴念和对更高精神境界的追求。这本小说的主题是通过对孤女坎坷不平的人生经历，成功地塑造了一个不安于现状、不甘受辱、敢于抗争的女性形象，反映一个平凡心灵的坦诚倾诉的呼号和责难，一个小写的人成为一个大写的人的渴望。 
    《简·爱》是一部反响巨大的书。出版商在1847年10月就出版了这部作品。萨克雷称赞它是 “一位伟大天才的杰作”。次年印行第三版时，《评论季刊》上提到“《简·爱》与《名利场》受到同样广泛的欢迎。乔治·艾略特则深深地被《简·爱》陶醉了。

写作特色
      小说设计了一个很光明的结尾－－虽然罗切斯特的庄园毁了，罗切斯特自己也成了一个残疾人，但我们看到，正是这样一个条件，使简·爱不再在尊严与爱之间矛盾，而同时获得满足－－她在和罗切斯特结婚的时候是有尊严的，当然也是有爱情的。
       小说告诉我们，人的最美好的生活是人的尊严加爱，小说的结局给女主人公安排的就是这样一种生活。虽然我觉得这样的结局过于完美，甚至这种圆满本身标志着浮浅，但是我依然尊重作者对这种美好生活的理想－－就是尊严加爱，毕竟在当今社会，要将人的价值＝尊严＋爱这道公式付之实现常常离不开金钱的帮助。人们都疯狂到似乎为了金钱和地位而埋没爱情。在穷与富之间选择富，在爱与不爱之间选择不爱。很少有人会像简这样为爱情为人格抛弃所有，而且义无反顾。《简爱》所展现给我们的正是一种化繁为简，是一种返璞归真，是一种追求全心付出的感觉，是一种不计得失的简化的感情，它犹如一杯冰水，净化每一个读者的心灵，被认为是人生追求的二重奏。


About Bronte
Father: Patrick Bronte—Irish curate(助理牧师)      
1821 Mother died
Clergy Daughters' school
fantasy life—Angria
1831 governess
1842 studies in Brussels
fell in love with a married man
1846 Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell
1847 Jane Eyre
1848 Brother died, Emily died
1849 Anna died

       夏洛蒂·勃朗特出生在约克郡的索顿，双亲为帕特里克·勃朗特（Patrick Bronte,1777—1861）与玛丽亚·布伦威尔（Maria Branwell），在勃朗特夫妇6个小孩中排行第3，也是勃朗特三姐妹中年纪最大的。1820年4月因为父亲帕特里克在哈沃斯担任副牧师的缘故，所以全家搬到了哈沃斯（Haworth）。母亲玛丽亚于1821年9月15日因癌症病逝，所以夏洛蒂与其他5个兄弟姊妹于是由阿姨伊丽莎白·布伦威尔（Elizabeth Branwell）来照顾。在1824年8月，夏洛蒂与姊妹‎艾米莉、玛丽亚与伊丽莎白一起被送到位于兰开夏（Lancashire）科恩桥（Cowan Bridge）的女子教会学校（后来夏洛蒂在《简·爱》中将它描述为罗伍德学校）。学校的状况是相当恶劣的，这也对夏洛蒂的健康造成了永久的影响，可能也导致了夏洛蒂的两个姊姊玛丽亚（1815年—1825年）与伊丽莎白（1814年—1825年）的死亡。她们在1825年离开学校不久之后就死于肺结核。
      在哈沃斯家中的Charlotte与布伦威尔、艾米莉与安妮开始创作他们的幻想国度。Charlotte与布伦威尔创作了有关安格利亚（Angria）的故事，而艾米莉与安妮则是创作了有关贡代尔（Gondal）的文章及诗篇。这些传奇故事的描述相当详细（目前仍然存在部份的手稿中），提供了他们在儿童时期与青少年早期的乐趣，也为他们未来的文学作品奠下了基础。
    Charlotte在1831年至1832年间在米菲尔德（Mirfield）的学校就读，在这里她遇到了终生的好友艾伦·奴西（Ellen Nussey）与玛莉·泰勒（Mary Taylor）。在1833年间，Charlotte以韦尔斯利（Wellesley）的名义创作了《The Green Dwarf》。1835--1838，Charlotte则在米菲尔德的学校担任教师。夏洛蒂从1839年开始在约克郡担任许多家庭的女教师，一直到1841年为止。后来在1842年Charlotte与妹妹艾米莉前往一间位于布鲁塞尔由康斯坦丁·黑格尔（Constantin Heger， 1809年—1896年）与妻子克莱儿（Claire Zoé Parent Heger，1804年—1890年）所经营的私立寄宿学校，为了报答黑格尔夫妇提供食宿与教学，Charlotte教导学生英文，而艾米莉则是教导学生音乐。不过因为夏洛蒂的阿姨伊丽莎白·布伦威尔（Elizabeth Branwell）于1842年10月去世而中断。Charlotte在1843年1月独自返回布鲁塞尔的寄宿学校，担任教师的职务。这次在布鲁塞尔的寄宿学校期间，Charlotte并不快乐，因为她变成孤独、思念家乡的并且深深的爱恋着黑格尔。最后Charlotte在1844年1月回到了哈沃斯，后来这段经历也成为了夏洛蒂创造小说《维莱特》与《教师》的灵感。
   1846年5月Charlotte与艾米莉、‎安妮联合出版了一本诗集，并且为了回避当时对女作家的偏见而使用笔名。虽然这本诗集后来并没有引起广泛的注意（仅仅只售出两本而已），不过她们仍然决定继续写作，并且开始第一本小说的创作。Charlotte后来使用笔名柯勒·贝尔（Currer Bell）来出版前两部小说。关于这件事，Charlotte后来写道：

因为不愿意暴露身分，所以我们用柯勒、艾利斯、阿克顿贝尔这些笔名来隐藏本名。这个因为良心不安而做出的暧昧抉择，是假设基督徒对于名为男性的思考是正面的。我们并不喜欢宣布我们是女人，因为——毫无疑问的，我们的著作和思想是不会被称为“女性的”——我们有了模糊的印象：女作家是应该对偏见袖手旁观的。我们注意到评论家有时是如何因为个性而抨击，有时则是用谄媚当作鼓励，这些并不是真正的评价。

《简爱》的第一版封面……      被当时的评论家认为相当粗俗，大部分的焦点反而在于猜测库瑞尔·贝尔是谁与他是男人或女人这些疑问上面。夏洛蒂的弟弟布伦威尔·勃朗特在1848年9月因慢性的支气管炎与过量饮酒造成的衰弱而去世，虽然夏洛蒂相信他是死于肺结核。艾米莉与安妮也分别在1848年12月与 1849年5月因肺结核而去世。所以只剩下夏洛蒂与父亲帕特里克一起生活。
      在《简·爱》获得巨大成功的情况下，Charlotte的出版商说服她偶尔前往伦敦。夏洛蒂在伦敦显露出真正的个性，她开始参加高贵的社交圈，结交了Harriet Martineau、伊丽莎白·盖斯凯尔、William Makepeace Thackeray 与George Henry Lewes等作家。但是夏洛蒂仍然没有离开哈沃斯超过几个礼拜的时间，因为她不想离开父亲帕特里克的身旁。
     Charlotte与父亲的牧师Arthur Bell Nicholls于1854年6月结婚。在不到一年后，Charlotte怀孕了。不过在这段期间，夏洛蒂的身体却快速恶化，最后在1855年3月31日去世，死亡诊断书上认定夏洛蒂死于肺结核，不过有许多传记作者认为她的死因可能是在怀孕早期因为严重的害喜（Morning sickness）而导致剧烈的呕吐。不过也有证据显示夏洛蒂是死于斑疹伤寒，她有可能是被丈夫亚瑟的老仆人所传染的（比夏洛蒂还要早去世）。后来夏洛蒂被葬在哈沃斯圣马克教堂的家族墓穴中。
     Charlotte的好友伊丽莎白·盖斯凯尔于1857年出版了夏洛蒂的传记《夏洛蒂·勃朗特的生平》（The Life of Charlotte Bronte），不过有关夏洛蒂对于黑格尔的感情则是草草带过，因为考虑到这件事可能会对夏洛蒂的朋友、丈夫与父亲带来痛苦。

Plot 情节:

• the author's arrangement of incidents in a story (戏剧/小说)的构思/布局 
• the organizing principle that controls the order of the events. 

 Different types of plot arrangement：

1. a chronological arrangement begins with what happens first, then second,and so on,until the last incident is related
2. stories begin at the end，then lead up to why or how events worked out as they did
3. stories begin in the middle of things— “in medias res”中间情节切入
4. flashback：a device that informs us about events that happened before the opening scene of work  倒叙，闪回: 一种文学或电影的表现手法，往往在一段按正常时间顺序记叙的叙事中插入一件以前发生过的事情

Given the 4 types of plot , which type is Jane Eyre?

Jane Eyre's arrangement of plot is kind of complicated, it is a combination of the 1st and 3rd type of plot.

• mainly a chronological arrangement : story begins with what happens first, then second,and so on,until the last incident is related.
• partially is narrated from the end: stories begin at the end，then lead up to why or how events worked out as they did. (“Ere long, …”Pg. 165 at the end of Chap. 16)

Characterization 角色塑造: